In an increasingly volatile world, what do market ups and downs mean for those investing for their retirement?
On the surface, investing for retirement may seem straightforward – the younger you are, the more risk you might be prepared to take with your investment portfolio. For those approaching retirement, derisking their portfolio is likely to be a preferred approach.
Market swings and volatility may be perceived as having a negative effect for many people at different stages of retirement planning. People worry about being able to ‘time the market’.
But what really is market volatility and how can you use it to your advantage in your retirement portfolio?
Market volatility is a measure of how much the price of an asset fluctuates over time. Periods of high volatility are defined by unpredictable, abrupt price swings, whereas low volatility means more stable asset price movements.
The financial markets experienced periods of high volatility back in April 2025, when US President Donald Trump announced tariffs on imports from many countries. Later in November, the S&P 500 experienced a fall when investors became anxious over fears of overvalued technology stocks. The index later stabilised when the market reacted positively after the Federal Reserve said it would cut interest rates further, boosting investor optimism.
Many financial markets experts look to the VIX index to understand sentiment across the equity market. The VIX provides a measure of volatility and the expectation of future price changes in the S&P 500.
Source: Bloomberg. Data as of 6 January 2026.
But how is this volatility relevant to your investments, and how can it affect them? Time is of the essence
Volatility is typically caused by uncertainty from economic, political or company-specific factors. When professional financial planners are making assessments on the level of volatility in their clients’ portfolios, they pay particular attention to their investing timeframe.
For instance, if you are close to retirement, your portfolio might have less time to recover from any potential losses and therefore it makes sense to protect it from high volatility. Conversely, if retirement is a long way away, your portfolio has more time to potentially recover from higher volatility periods and outgrow any losses.
This means keeping your portfolio invested for as long as possible makes it more likely these short-term market shocks will be smoothed out.
In any case, high volatility can be unsettling; after all, the money you are investing is at risk. It may be tempting to sell shares in the belief that this will protect you against further losses.
But history suggests that when the temptation to sell out feels strongest is in fact the point when it is most important to stay invested, as the chart below illustrates.
Cumulative returns on a £10,000 investment over 20 years – MSCI World Total Return Index.
Source: FE fundinfo. Data as of 31 December 2025.
If you had invested £10,000 in the MSCI World Total Return Index 20 years ago and kept it untouched, your pot would have grown to £65,425. But if you instead chose to sell off and missed the 10 best-performing days, your pot would have grown to £36,622, resulting in a £28,803 difference.
Making the most of ups and downs
It is no secret that volatility has a negative reputation, but its advantages are less well known and leveraged.
If you regularly put money into a pension or make other regular contributions across your investments, you are increasing your chances to benefit from one of the effects of volatility. When volatility is high, investors tend to sell their assets, making prices go down. Conversely, in a low-volatility environment asset prices tend to go up.
If you invest regularly, you are buying more of an asset when prices are lower and less of that asset when prices are higher. Buying cheaper assets during a downturn could result in quicker growth when markets begin moving upwards.
This strategy of investing a fixed amount at regular intervals is called pound cost-averaging. It has has the potential to deliver growth as it reduces the risk of trying to time the market.
Claire Trott, Head of Advice at St. James’s Place, says: “For most of us, we receive a regular income so paying each month into our pension rather than waiting until the end of the year makes sense in many ways. Firstly, some of your funds will be invested for longer, and secondly, you can benefit from pound-cost averaging rather than taking the risk that at the end of the year will be the right time to invest.”
Many eggs, many baskets
There are ways for investors to reduce exposure to volatility, one of which is through portfolio diversification.
Diversification can be achieved in different ways. For instance, in an equities portfolio, diversification could happen through a combination of different sectors, industries or geographies.
But looking more broadly at what makes up a portfolio, diversification could mean a blend of different asset classes.
Concentration in a portfolio works as long as its assets are growing; but if these assets take a hit, there are no other parts of your portfolio to potentially offset these losses.
Diversification plays a part in managing the volatility of a portfolio by offsetting losses in one part with gains in other parts. For instance, a portfolio with investments exposed to different asset classes, such as equities and bonds, should have less exposure to volatility when it happens across specific parts of the market.
Many asset managers, including St. James’s Place, place diversification at the core of their investment principles aiming to improve investment outcomes. A financial adviser should be best placed to guide you through the best way to choose the right portfolio based on your appetite for risk.
Ben Stark is a chartered financial planner with over a decade of experience advising businesses and families. He is partnered with St. James’s Place Wealth Management.