Retirement and Taxes: Your Guide to 401(k) and IRA Contributions

A 401(k) is an employer-sponsored retirement plan that lets employees defer part of their salary into an account. Is 401k pre tax? With traditional deferrals, contributions reduce your taxable income today and grow tax-deferred until withdrawal. Roth 401(k) contributions use after-tax dollars but offer tax-free growth and distributions. Employers often match contributions, providing an extra 401k benefit. Eligibility requirements vary by plan.

An Individual Retirement Account (IRA) is a personal retirement vehicle open to anyone with earned income. Traditional IRAs may lower your taxable income because contributions can be deductible, depending on your filing status and coverage by a workplace plan. Roth IRAs use post-tax dollars and offer tax-free growth and distributions. To open an IRA, choose a financial institution and select investments such as mutual funds, stocks, or bonds.

• Contributions: Traditional accounts are tax-deductible; Roth accounts use post-tax dollars.

• Growth: Both grow tax-deferred, but only Roth earnings are tax-free at distribution.

• Withdrawals: Traditional distributions are taxed as income; qualified Roth withdrawals are tax-free.

• RMDs: Traditional plans require minimum withdrawals; Roth IRAs have no RMDs during the owner’s lifetime.

Choosing between traditional (pre-tax) and Roth (post-tax) accounts hinges on when you want your tax break and how you plan for 401k and taxes. Each option changes your taxable income now and in retirement, affecting your long-term tax bill.

Pre-tax contributions to a traditional 401(k) or IRA can be deducted from your income, reducing your adjusted gross income (AGI). That leads to the question: are 401k contributions deductible? In most traditional plans, elective deferrals lower your taxable income. This reduces your current tax bill and may help you qualify for credits and other deductions.

Shifting this phase of your tax break also creates tax-deferred growth:

• Earnings compound without annual tax drag

• Your retirement balance can grow faster since gains stay invested

Roth 401(k) and Roth IRA contributions use after-tax dollars, so you do not get an immediate deduction. In exchange, both contributions and earnings grow tax free. If you meet the five-year holding period and wait until age 59½, qualified withdrawals incur no federal tax. Note that Roth 401(k) plans have no adjusted gross income limit for contributions, while Roth IRA contributions phase out at higher incomes.

At distribution, traditional and Roth plans diverge:

• Traditional accounts: all withdrawals are taxed as ordinary income under typical 401k taxation and taxation of 401k withdrawals

• Roth accounts: eligible distributions of contributions and growth are tax free

Understanding these trade-offs helps align your savings strategy with your tax outlook. If you expect higher future rates, Roth contributions may offer more value. If immediate relief is the goal, prioritize pre-tax dollars.

In 2024, the employee elective deferral limit for traditional, Roth, and 401k safe harbor 401(k) plans is $23,000. SIMPLE 401(k) plans allow a $16,000 limit. The total annual addition cap, including employer contributions, is $69,000 or $76,500 with catch-up amounts. For both traditional and Roth IRAs, the 2024 limit is $7,000.

The IRS typically announces 2025 adjustments midyear, so review your plan notices to capture any increases.

Participants aged 50 or older can make catch-up contributions to boost savings. In 2024, the limits are:

• $7,500 additional for traditional, Roth, and 401k safe harbor plans

• $3,500 for SIMPLE 401(k) plans

• $1,000 for traditional and Roth IRAs

These catch-up options help people close to retirement increase their 401k and IRA balances.

To reap the full 401k benefit, contribute enough to get your full employer match. Employer contributions offer an immediate return and boost your savings. Verify your plan’s vesting schedule and contribution timing to avoid forfeiture. If possible, front-load deferrals early in the year to secure the entire match and optimize your 401k and taxes strategy.

Safe harbor plans allow employers to bypass nondiscrimination testing by making either a 3% non-elective contribution or a matching contribution of 100% on deferrals up to 3% of pay plus 50% on the next 2%. Implementing a 401k safe harbor provision ensures highly compensated employees can defer more without hitting plan tests.

Contributing to both a 401(k) and an IRA can boost overall savings and diversify your tax exposure. In 2025, you can defer up to $23,000 in your 401(k) or $31,000 if you are 50 or older. You can also contribute up to $7,000 to an IRA ($8,000 if you are 50+).

Many people ask, can you contribute to 401k and IRA? Yes, as long as you have earned income. Key points:

• IRA contributions must be made by April 15 of the following year

• Deductibility of traditional IRA contributions phases out when you or your spouse is covered by a qualified plan

• You can make nondeductible IRA contributions at any income level

High-income earners can use a backdoor Roth IRA strategy when income limits prevent direct Roth contributions. First, make a nondeductible traditional IRA contribution, then convert it to a Roth IRA. Use IRS Form 8606 to report the conversion and avoid double taxation under the pro rata rule.

When your employer’s plan permits after-tax 401(k) contributions plus in-service Roth conversions or rollovers, you can push contributions beyond the standard deferral limit. You can add funds up to the $70,000 total annual cap, then convert those after-tax dollars into a Roth 401(k) or Roth IRA for tax-free growth.

After-tax 401(k) contributions do not lower taxable income, but rolling them into a Roth account provides tax-free earnings and no RMDs in retirement. Before you proceed, confirm your plan’s rules on in-plan conversions or rollovers.

You can withdraw funds penalty-free at age 59½. Before that, traditional 401(k) and IRA withdrawals generally face a 10% penalty plus ordinary income tax. Common exceptions include:

• Qualified reservist distributions

• First-time home purchase (up to $10,000)

• Higher education expenses

• Unreimbursed medical costs above AGI limits

• Substantially equal periodic payments (SEPP)

Distributions from traditional IRAs and 401(k) plans are taxed at ordinary income rates, except for return of basis from nondeductible contributions, which is not taxed. Qualified Roth IRA and Roth 401(k) withdrawals, after age 59½ and meeting the five-year rule, incur no federal tax. Under the SECURE Act, most beneficiaries of inherited IRAs must distribute the full balance within ten years, though some follow extended payout rules.

When your taxable income dips early in retirement, consider converting part of your traditional IRA or 401(k) into a Roth account. You will pay ordinary income tax on the converted amount at a lower bracket under 401k and taxes planning. Over time, Roth balances grow tax free and avoid RMDs. Limit conversions to avoid moving into a higher tax bracket.

A structured withdrawal plan can help manage marginal tax rates:

• Tap taxable brokerage accounts first to use lower long-term capital gains rates

• Next, draw from traditional IRAs and 401(k)s, mindful of taxation of 401k withdrawals, to fill lower tax brackets

• Reserve Roth distributions until later, since these withdrawals do not raise ordinary income

This sequence spreads income across brackets and reduces overall tax drag.

Social Security taxation depends on provisional income. By managing distributions before and after you claim benefits, you can:

• Keep income below the thresholds that tax up to 85% of benefits

• Avoid higher Medicare premiums

• Time withdrawals to smooth taxable income around your benefit start date

Combining these strategies with 401k and IRA planning can lower lifetime taxes and protect your savings.

Navigating retirement accounts and 401k and taxes may seem complex, but a clear plan helps you keep more of your savings.

• Leverage employer matches and 401k benefit by contributing enough to receive the full match.

• Diversify tax treatment with both traditional and Roth accounts, including IRA with 401k strategies.

• Use catch-up contributions after age 50 to boost savings.

• Consider backdoor Roth moves or after-tax 401(k) to increase tax-free balances.

• Sequence withdrawals and Roth conversions in low-income years to minimize taxation of 401k withdrawals and IRA distributions.

• Plan RMDs and align distributions with Social Security timing to reduce overall taxes.

Review your retirement plan annually and adjust for changes.